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The Chinese engine industry is closely modeled after the Chinese aircraft industry that we looked at last week. It is organized as divisions and later subsidiaries to the major aircraft companies. Contrary to the Chinese aircraft industry, it has had major problems in gaining the necessary know-how to start developing and producing its own designs.
The industry has built Soviet designs on license since the 1950s and only recently managed to present functional own designs, after many failures.
Industry history
The Chinese engine industry was part of the same machine building industry as the aircraft industry. The first jet engine that was produced under license was the Klimov VK-1 (for the Mig-17), a Russian copy of the Rolls-Royce Nene.
China later built the Tumansky RD-9 jet engine under license for their locally produced Mig-19, the Shenyang J-6. The production was done by the same companies that produced the aircraft in their engine production departments.
Gradually the Chinese aircraft industry started to try and make modifications to engines they built under license. It did not go to well. Engine development and changes were much harder to do than making adaptations to aircraft.
The locally adapted engines were not reliable, so the Chinese military continued to source engines from Russia/Ukraine for their aircraft projects.
Engines were the Klimov RD33 (the MIG-29 engine) for the locally developed canard aircraft, J-10, which looks like a larger Lavi, and the J-17 Thunder; the Saturn AL-31 for license-built and locally developed copies of the Su-27 Flanker; and the Ivchenko-Progress/Motor Sich AL-25 (Yak-42 engine) for the Hongdu L-11 jet-trainer. The AL-25 is license-produced as the WS-11. The other engines are imported from Russia.
There were many attempts to develop and produce an indigenous engine. As there was no Chinese commercial aircraft development of any scale, the Chinese engine industry/state focused on getting self-sufficient on military engines.
Most projects died out when no reliable engine came out after 20-30 years of effort. The first local program that finally managed to produce an engine which had acceptable reliability was the Shenyang Engines WS-10.
The WS-10 project was started by the strongman after Mao Tse Tung’s death, Deng Xiaoping, in 1986. The target was to replace the 30klbf Saturn AL-31 for the Chinese Flanker variants.
The WS10 is a low bypass, two-shaft engine in the 30klbf class. Its core is modeled after the CFM56 (from the GE F-101), which China could examine in 1986. It took until 2009 for the engine to get a thrust and reliability level that it could replace the AL-31 on the local Flanker variant J-11.
The engine was developed and produced by the Shenyang-Liming Aero Engine Group, a unit of Shenyang Aircraft in the AVIC group. China’s engine companies were structured as units of major aircraft companies in AVIC.
The main companies were: Shenyang Liming Aero-Engine Group, doing engines for the Shenyang Aircraft Company; Xi’an Aero-Engine Group, doing engines for the Xi’an Aircraft company; and Chengdu Aero-Engine Group/Guizhou Liyang Aero-Engine Group, doing engines for the Chengdu Aircraft Company.
This division of focus was in line with Mao Tse Tung’s ideas of splitting of industry in many smaller units. It was kept to foster progress through competition when Deng Xiaping got in power. The problem was that turbine engines require massive investment in technology and production equipment.
None of the engine companies had the critical mass to keep pace with the Western technology-driven companies or companies/agencies in Russia/Ukraine. The result has been an engine industry that has not been able to produce virtually any successful engine programs over the last four decades.
China engaged Ukraine to come in and help them with engine technology in recent years. Western companies have been hesitant, given China’s handling of intellectual propriety rights.
Rolls-Royce licensed the Spey RB-168 as the local WS-9 (used for a local strike aircraft JH-7, looking like a large SEPECAT Jaguar) after China tried unsuccessfully to copy it. SAFRAN group’s Turbomeca licensed turboshaft engines like the Ariel for helicopter applications.
Civil Turbofans
Based on the WS-10 core, Shenyang Liming Aero-Engine Group developed a high bypass variant, the WS-20. Target application is the military heavylift transporter Y-20 (similar to a Boeing C-17), which presently is using low bypass Russian D-30 engines (the Tu-154 engine).
Figure 1. WS-20 30klbf high bypass engine. Source: Google images.
This is the first high bypass engine development in China with an estimated By-Pass Ratio of around 5-6. Thrust is around 30klbf. With the original WS-10 core modeled after the CFM56, the high bypass variant now has data which resembles the CFM56-5.
The engine is presently on flight test on an IL-76, Figure 2.
Figure 2. Flight test of WS-20 on IL-76. Source: Goggle images.
WS-20 is also the right size for a COMAC C919 application, but a full generation behind the CFM LEAP-1C engine, which was chosen for the aircraft. The engine has therefore not been accepted as an option.
AVIC Commercial Aircraft Engines (ACAE)
China spun out a separate civil engine company, ACAE, from AVIC Engine in 2009. The idea was to develop competitive commercial engines by engaging in co-operation with Western manufacturers.
The company presented the 30klbf engine concept, CJ-1000, aimed at the C919. Performance should be in the LEAP-1C class with EIS around 2025. Engine concepts for the Chinese-Russian wide-body (CJ-2000) and ARJ21 (CJ-500) have also been presented.
As no Western partner has been interested in cooperating with ACAE, the creation of a LEAP-class engine around 10 years after the EIS of the CFM LEAP seems more than ambitious. With no technology injection from established engine companies, the future of ACAE and its engines seems shaky. https://leehamnews.com/2016/10/07/bjorns-corner-chinese-aircraft-engine-industry/
Seerndv, спасибо!
Очень интересный обзор. Если не обращать внимание на некоторые неточности в предназначении советских двигателей (АИ-25 на Як-42, Д-30КП2 на Ту-154 etc.), автор "кратко, но ёмко" обозрел китайскую двигательную индустрию. Я даже простил ему зачёт WS-10 в качестве успешного - должен же он был продемонстрировать некую "объективность"!
А перевод резюме я не удержался и решил поместить здесь ещё раз:
As no Western partner has been interested in cooperating with ACAE, the creation of a LEAP-class engine around 10 years after the EIS of the CFM LEAP seems more than ambitious. With no technology injection from established engine companies, the future of ACAE and its engines seems shaky.
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Так как ни один западный партнер оказался не заинтересован в сотрудничестве с ACAE, создание в течение 10 лет двигателя LEAP-класса, отвечающего перспективным требованиям по защите окружающей среды, кажется более чем амбициозным. Без "инъекции" технологий признанных лидеров двигателестроения, будущее ACAE и их двигателей кажется сомнительным.
Images posted on Chinese online forums show what appears to be the second prototype of China's FC-31 fighter making its maiden flight. Source: Via Weibo
Images posted on Chinese online forums show what appears to be the second prototype of the Shenyang Aircraft Corporation (SAC) FC-31 'Gyrfalcon' twin-engine, 'fifth-generation' fighter making its maiden flight.
The publication of the images was followed by a China Daily newspaper report quoting an unnamed source as saying that the test flight took place on 23 December - some four years after the first prototype took to the skies - at an airfield in Shenyang belonging to SAC, which is part of Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC).
Billed by AVIC as an export fighter, the first indication that the FC-31 was in advanced construction was its brief appearance in an AVIC video shown at Airshow China 2016, which was held in Zhuhai from 1 to 6 November.
Derived from the J-31 fighter prototype, the second version of the multirole fighter had been shown in model form at the 2014 and 2016 Zhuhai shows.
"The new FC-31 seems to have better stealth capabilities, improved electronic equipment, and a larger payload capacity," Wu Peixin, an aviation industry observer in Beijing, told China Daily .
This image shows some of the differences in design between the latest FC-31 prototype and the J-31 prototype. (Credit: Via CJDBY website)
"Compared with the first FC-31, there are a lot of improvements on the second prototype. Changes were made to the airframe, wings, and vertical tails, which make it leaner, lighter, and more manoeuvrable," he said.
The aircraft features a much-modified fuselage with an electro-optical targeting system (EOTS) and swept-back vertical stabilisers similar to those used by the Lockheed-Martin F-35 Lightning II.
AVIC recently provided new FC-31 specifications at Zhuhai, updating figures leaked at around the time of the September 2015 Beijing Airshow.
According to the new specifications, the FC-31's length has increased to 17.3 m from 16.8 m, while its maximum take-off weight has increased to 28 tonnes from 25 tonnes. The FC-31 also has an advertised combat radius of 1,250 km and can reportedly reach a maximum speed of Mach 1.8 and an altitude of 16 km (52,500 ft).
Да нет, не попутали. Вот из листовки про FC-31 c недавней чжухайской выставки. MTOW = 28 т. Да и что смущает? Это ж MTOW, с 8 тоннами бомб, а не для воздушного боя конфигурация. Даже если брать в расчет те же "старые" РД-93 по 8,3 тс, выходит тяговооруженность 0,59, а скорее всего будут уже "не те", а по образу и подобию РД-33МК - на 9 тс, а то и больше (климовцы ж в своих годовых отчетах уже давно говорили, что в их планах некий РД-93МА "для инозаказчика" на 9,3 тс), да и китайцы сами наверняка не месте на стоят так вот даже с 9-тонными движками тяговооруженность при MTOW выходит уже 0,64.
Ну и для сравнения.
F-35A: MTOW = 31.8 т, тяга - 19,5 тс, тяговооруженность при MTOW = 0,61
МиГ-29М/М2 (по оф.данным сайта РСК МиГ): MTOW = 26,5 т, тяга - 2х9,0 тс, тяговооруженность при MTOW = 0,68.
У МиГ-35 MTOW наверняка еще больше будет при тех же движках
Су-30МК (по оф.данным сайта компании Сухой): MTOW = 38,8 т (предельный), тяга - 2х12,5 тс, тяговооруженность при MTOW = 0,64.
Так что всё "как у всех"...
Китай вперёд идёт и самолёт крадёт! Попалась на форуме Key Publishing ссылка вот на эту страничку, которая сразу напомнила не столь давнюю дискуссию о намерениях китайцев купить у антоновцев недостроенный второй планер Ан-225 инафигаимэтонадо. Оказывается, ещё вона когда злоумышляли, десять с лишним лет назад! http://military.china.com/zh_cn/head/83/20060303/13139085.html
Наверняка само КБ Антонова в этом и участвовало - как и со всеми их прочими проектами транспортной авиации.
Как раз укладывается в их постсоветскую философию: "мы самолёты проектируем, а кто их производит - нам пофигу".
#автоудаление
возможно всё ещё проще - "на просторах китайского интернета" можно найти рендеров - всяческих, люых, разных. Хоть имперские крейсера по китайским флагом.
сходу, насквидку(правда без флага, ибо лень рыть ибо того не стоит):
